Topic 3: Temples

Sacred spaces, architecture, and religious practice in Greece and Rome

GCSE Classical Civilisation - J199/11

Learning Objectives

By the end of this topic, you will be able to:

Define the purpose and function of sanctuaries in ancient Greek and Roman religion
Analyse the architectural features and layout of Greek and Roman temples
Compare the Parthenon, Temple of Zeus at Olympia, Temple of Portunus, and Pantheon
Explain the position and purpose of altars, cult statues, and temple decoration
Identify the roles and responsibilities of priests and religious officials
Describe the purpose and procedures of animal sacrifice in both cultures
Evaluate how temple architecture reflected religious beliefs and cultural values
Compare and contrast Greek and Roman approaches to sacred space and worship

Prescribed Sources

The Parthenon

Athens' most famous temple, dedicated to Athena Parthenos with its iconic Doric architecture and Ionic frieze
Temple of Zeus at Olympia

Home to one of the Seven Wonders of the World, famous for its metopes depicting Heracles' labours
Temple of Portunus

Well-preserved Roman temple showing the influence of Greek architecture on Roman religious buildings
The Pantheon

Revolutionary Roman temple architecture with its massive concrete dome and innovative engineering

3.1

Sanctuaries and Their Functions

Explore the purpose and function of sacred spaces in Greek and Roman religion, examining how sanctuaries served both religious and social needs.

Covers: Definition and purpose of sanctuaries, sacred space concepts, worship and festivals, community role, Greek vs Roman approaches

Start Topic 3.1

3.2

Greek and Roman Temples

Compare the architectural features, layout, and decorative elements of Greek and Roman temples using the four prescribed sources.

Covers: Parthenon and Temple of Zeus, Temple of Portunus and Pantheon, architectural features, temple layout, Greek vs Roman design

Start Topic 3.2

3.3

Religious Officials

Examine the hierarchy, responsibilities, and roles of priests and religious officials in Greek and Roman temple worship.

Covers: Greek officials (hiereus, hiereia, mantis), Roman officials (pontiffs, pontifex maximus, augurs, vestal virgins, haruspices), roles and hierarchy

Start Topic 3.3

3.4

Sacrifice and Ritual Practice

Analyse the purpose, procedures, and significance of animal sacrifice and ritual practices in Greek and Roman religion.

Covers: Purpose and types of sacrifice, animal sacrifice procedures, sacred animals, ritual requirements, religious festivals, Greek vs Roman practices

Start Topic 3.4

Learning Objectives

Prescribed Sources

salve! 👋