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GCSE Latin
Latin Language
The grammar of the Language paper, one lesson a point, in the order it is taught from
Latin to GCSE
Books 1 and 2: what it is, how to spot it, how to translate it, and sentences to try that are marked as you type.
Start with Purpose clauses →
Year 9 · Book 1
1 · Foundations
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1.1
Inflection and person endings
Latin shows who is doing what by its endings, not its word order.
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1.2
The present tense
porto, portas, portat: the 1st conjugation and its six endings.
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1.3
1st and 2nd declension nouns: nominative and accusative
Subject and object, singular and plural.
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1.4
Word order and the five important words
Verb at the end, no word for 'the', and et, sed, non, nunc, semper.
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1.5
The verb sum
sum, es, est: 'to be', with its complement in the nominative.
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1.6
Prepositions with the accusative
ad, in, per, circum, contra and what they do to the noun.
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2 · Cases and conjugations
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2.1
The genitive, dative and ablative
Of, to and by, with, from: the three remaining cases.
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2.2
Prepositions with the ablative
a/ab, cum, de, e/ex, and in meaning 'in'.
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2.3
Neuter nouns, and vir, puer, liber
The 2nd declension's other shapes.
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2.4
The 2nd, 3rd and 4th conjugations
moneo, rego, audio: the same endings, different vowels.
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2.5
The infinitive and iubeo
portare, 'to carry', and orders with iubeo.
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2.6
Principal parts
How to tell a verb's conjugation from its dictionary entry.
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2.7
The locative, and time how long
Romae, 'at Rome'; tres horas, 'for three hours'.
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3 · The imperfect and adjectives
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3.1
The imperfect tense
portabam: 'was carrying', 'used to carry', across all conjugations and sum.
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3.2
2-1-2 adjectives and agreement
laetus, laeta, laetum: gender, number and case.
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3.3
Adverbs
Forming adverbs from adjectives: laete, fortiter.
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3.4
The dative and the indirect object
Giving, showing and telling: to whom?
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3.5
possum
possum, potes, potest: 'I can', with an infinitive.
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4 · The perfect and the 3rd declension
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4.1
The perfect tense
portavi: 'carried', 'has carried', and the irregular perfects.
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4.2
3rd declension nouns
rex, regis: the pattern behind the biggest declension.
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4.3
i-stem nouns
urbs, urbium: the 3rd declension's variant.
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4.4
Personal pronouns and possessives
ego, tu, nos, vos and meus, tuus, noster, vester.
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4.5
Direct questions
quis, quid, cur, ubi, quando, and -ne, nonne, num.
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5 · The future and demonstratives
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5.1
The future tense
portabo and traham: two patterns for 'will'.
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5.2
3rd declension adjectives
fortis, ingens, ferox and their endings.
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5.3
is, ea, id
He, she, it, they, and 'that' as an adjective.
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5.4
Reflexives: se and suus
Pointing back to the subject: 'himself', 'his own'.
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5.5
Time when and place where
The ablative for 'in the summer' and 'in the city'.
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6 · The pluperfect and relative clauses
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6.1
The pluperfect tense
portaveram: 'had carried'.
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6.2
Compound verbs, eo and fero
absum, adsum, redeo: prefixes on verbs you know.
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6.3
Relative clauses
qui, quae, quod: agreeing with its antecedent, taking its case from its own clause.
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6.4
Numbers and Roman numerals
unus to mille, and reading MDCCLXXVI.
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6.5
postquam, quamquam, ubi
Subordinate clauses with the indicative: after, although, when.
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Year 10 · Book 2
7 · Comparison and the passive
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7.1
hic and ille
'This' and 'that' in every case.
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7.2
Comparative adjectives
fortior, fortius: 'braver', 'rather brave', 'too brave'.
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7.3
Superlative adjectives
fortissimus, and the -rimus and -limus types.
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7.4
Irregular comparison and the ablative of comparison
bonus, melior, optimus; 'than' with or without quam.
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7.5
Comparative and superlative adverbs
fortius, fortissime, and quam celerrime.
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7.6
The passive: present, imperfect and future
portatur, 'is carried': the passive endings.
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7.7
Agent and instrument
a/ab with a person, the plain ablative with a thing.
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7.8
The present participle
portans, portantis: '-ing' as an adjective.
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7.9
The perfect passive participle
portatus, -a, -um: 'having been carried'.
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8 · Participles, deponents and indirect statement
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8.1
The passive: perfect and pluperfect
portatus est, portatus erat: two words for one tense.
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8.2
Conditional sentences
si with the indicative: 'if' sentences at GCSE.
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8.3
idem and ipse
'The same' and '-self'.
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8.4
The future participle
portaturus: 'about to carry', 'going to carry'.
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8.5
The ablative absolute
A noun and a participle in the ablative, standing apart from the sentence.
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8.6
fero, volo, nolo and malo
Four irregular verbs and their main tenses.
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8.7
Imperatives and prohibitions
porta! portate! and noli, nolite with the infinitive.
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8.8
Deponent verbs
Passive in form, active in meaning: conor, loquor, sequor.
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8.9
The perfect active participle and semi-deponents
locutus, 'having spoken'; audeo, gaudeo, soleo.
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8.10
The five infinitives
Present, future and perfect active; present and perfect passive.
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8.11
Indirect statement
Accusative and infinitive after verbs of saying, thinking and knowing, and the tense of the infinitive.
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9 · Pronouns, place and time
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9.1
quidam, alter, alius, nemo, quisque
A certain, the other, another, no one, each.
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9.2
Place and time expressions
Motion to and from, place where, time when and how long, revisited together.
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10 · The subjunctive
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10.1
The imperfect subjunctive
Infinitive plus endings: portaret, esset, posset.
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10.2
Purpose clauses
ut and ne with the subjunctive: saying why something is done.
Notes
Year 11 · Book 2
11 · The subjunctive constructions
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11.1
4th and 5th declension nouns
manus and dies: the last two declensions.
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11.2
Indirect commands
Telling, asking and persuading with ut and ne.
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11.3
Result clauses
tam, tot, tantus, talis ... ut: saying what came of it, and how it differs from purpose.
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11.4
Verbs of fearing
timeo and vereor with ne and ut.
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11.5
The pluperfect subjunctive
portavisset: the perfect stem plus -isse- and endings, active and passive.
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11.6
cum clauses
cum with the subjunctive: when, since, although.
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11.7
Indirect questions
Question words with the subjunctive, and num for 'whether'.
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11.8
The connecting relative
quem ubi vidi: a relative that starts a sentence.
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11.9
ad with the gerundive
Another way to say purpose: ad urbem capiendam.
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11.10
Uses of dum
With the present indicative, 'while'; with the imperfect subjunctive, 'until'.
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The exam
12 · The paper
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12.1
Translating a passage
Finding the verb, keeping the clauses apart, and when to write it out.
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12.2
The comprehension questions
What the marks are for, and how much Latin to quote.
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12.3
English into Latin
The restricted vocabulary list and the sentence patterns the questions use.
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