- Section A Culture
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1.01.1OverviewWhat the Culture half covers, and the Spartan war machine.1.2Spartan Society and the MilitaryHow the structure of society shaped the army.1.3Training and RecruitmentThe agoge and the syssitia.1.4Equipment, Tactics and FormationThe hoplite and the phalanx (sources: bronze Spartan warrior figure; Corinthian-type helmet dedicated at Olympia).1.5Organisation and CommandThe role of the perioeci and the helots.1.6The Idealisation of WarHow Sparta glorified the soldier.The Battle of ThermopylaeXerxes, Demaratus, Leonidas, Ephialtes and Dienekes, and how it was commemorated.
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2.02.1OverviewThe Athenian army and the navy that defined the city.2.2Funding, Recruitment and TrainingPaying for and manning the forces.2.3Equipment, Tactics and FormationWarfare on land and at sea (source: red-figure kylix of a Persian and a Greek fighting, the Triptolemos Painter).2.4The Navy and the TriremeOrganisation and command at sea (source: Lenormant Trireme relief).2.5The Military and Athenian SocietyThe impact of war on politics and life.The Battle of SalamisThemistocles, Xerxes and Artemisia, and how it was commemorated (source: South frieze, Temple of Athena Nike).
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3.03.1OverviewThe professional army of the empire.3.2Funding, Recruitment and TrainingHow the imperial army and navy were raised.3.3The Legion and the FortressOrganisation, command and the layout of a legionary base (site: Roman fortress at Chester).Equipment and TacticsThe soldier's kit and how it was used in battle (source: bronze statuette of a legionary).
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4.04.1OverviewTwo campaigns, and how Rome remembered its victories.4.2The Battle of ActiumOctavian, Agrippa, Mark Antony and Cleopatra, and how Rome commemorated it (sources: relief commemorating the battle of Actium; Mark Antony legionary denarius).4.3Trajan's Dacian CampaignThe reasons for the war and the pursuit of military glory (source: Trajan's Column).4.4The Image of TrajanHow the emperor and his wars were presented (source: Arch of Trajan, Benevento).The Victims of WarfareHow the material sources show the cost of conquest.
- Section B Literature Homer, Tyrtaeus, Horace & Virgil
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6.06.1OverviewHomer, the Iliad and the four set passages.6.2The Aristeia of DiomedesA hero's glory and the gods in the fighting (5.84 to 469).6.3Glaucus and DiomedesGuest-friendship across the battle lines (6.118 to 236).6.4Hector and AndromacheThe warrior and the family he leaves behind (6.237 to 529).6.5The Death of HectorThe duel, fear, courage and glory (22.21 to 409).Priam and AchillesGrief, compassion and the ransom of Hector (24.468 to 620).
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9.09.1OverviewVirgil, the Aeneid and the fall of Troy (2.268 to 804).9.2The Ghost of Hector and the Burning CityThe night Troy fell.9.3The Death of PriamAn old king killed at the altar, and the horror of the sack.9.4The Escape from TroyAnchises, Ascanius and the loss of Creusa.Virgil's Vision of WarDuty, the victims and the cost of the city's fall.
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10.010.1OverviewDrawing the four poets together for the exam.10.2Glory, Honour and ShameThe warrior's name and reputation.10.3The Horror and the Glorification of WarfareThe two faces of war.10.4Fear, Courage and ComradeshipMen under pressure and the bonds between them.10.5Hubris and ArrogancePride and its limits.10.6Love, Patriotism and FreedomWhat men fight for.10.7Family and AncestorsThe warrior's ties beyond the battlefield.10.8The Victims of WarSoldiers, non-combatants and women.10.9The Depiction of CharacterLeaders and soldiers, comrades and enemies.10.10What Makes a HeroHow different audiences respond.Exam TechniqueThe Literature section, the prescribed extracts and the longer responses.