by Lawrence McNally
Interactive English Analysis
How to use: Click on highlighted text for PAVLS analysis, or click on numbers above words for vocabulary.
Purpose
Audience
Voice
Language
Structure

From A Game of Polo with a Headless Goat - Emma Levine

Levine writes about a donkey race in Karachi, Pakistan

Levine travelled throughout Asia researching and filming unusual sports. In this passage she writes about a donkey race in Karachi, Pakistan.
[1] We drove off to find the best viewing spot, which turned out to be the crest of the hill so we could see the approaching race. I asked the lads if we could join in the 'Wacky Races' and follow the donkeys, and they loved the idea. 'We'll open the car boot, you climb inside and point your camera towards the race. As the donkeys overtake us, we'll join the cars.' 'But will you try and get to the front?' 'Oh yes, that's no problem.'
[2] The two lads who had never been interested in this Karachi sport were suddenly fired up with enthusiasm. We waited for eternity on the brow of the hill, me perched in the boot with a zoom lens pointing out. Nearly one hour later I was beginning to feel rather silly when the only action was a villager on a wobbly bicycle, who nearly fell off as he cycled past and gazed around at us.
[3] Several vehicles went past, and some donkey-carts carrying spectators. 'Are they coming?' we called out to them. 'Coming, coming,' came the reply. I was beginning to lose faith in its happening, but the lads remained confident.
[4] Just as I was assuming that the race had been cancelled, we spotted two approaching donkey-carts in front of a cloud of fumes and dust created by some fifty vehicles roaring up in their wake. As they drew nearer, Yaqoob revved up the engine and began to inch the car out of the lay-by. The two donkeys were almost dwarfed by their 1 entourage ; but there was no denying their speed — the Kibla donkey is said to achieve speeds of up to 40 kph, and this looked close. The two were neck-and-neck, their jockeys perched on top of the tiny carts using their whips energetically, although not cruelly.
[5] The noise of the approaching vehicles grew; horns tooting, bells ringing, and the special rattles used just for this purpose (like maracas, a metal container filled with dried beans). Men standing on top of their cars and vans, hanging out of taxis and perched on lorries, all cheered and shouted, while the vehicles jostled to get to the front of the convoy.
[6] Yaqoob chose exactly the right moment to edge out of the road and swerve in front of the nearest car, finding the perfect place to see the two donkeys and at the front of the vehicles. This was Formula One without rules, or a city-centre rush hour gone anarchic; a complete flouting of every type of traffic rule and common sense.
[7] Our young driver relished this unusual test of driving skills. It was survival of the fittest, and depended upon the ability to cut in front of a vehicle with a sharp flick of the steering wheel (no lane discipline here); quick reflexes to spot a gap in the traffic for a couple of seconds; nerves of steel, and an effective horn. There were two races — the motorized spectators at the back; in front, the two donkeys, still running close and amazingly not put off by the uproar just behind them. Ahead of the donkeys, oncoming traffic — for it was a main road — had to dive into the ditch and wait there until we had passed. Yaqoob loved it. We stayed near to the front, his hand permanently on the horn and his language growing more colourful with every vehicle that tried to cut in front. ...
[8] The road straightened and levelled, and everyone picked up speed as we neared the end of the race. But just as they were reaching the finishing line, the hospital gate, there was a near pile-up as the leading donkey swerved, lost his footing and he and the cart tumbled over. The race was over.
[9] And then the trouble began. I assumed the winner was the one who completed the race but it was not seen that way by everyone. Apart from the two jockeys and 'officials' (who, it turned out, were actually monitoring the race) there were over a hundred punters who had all staked money on the race, and therefore had strong opinions. Some were claiming that the donkey had fallen because the other one had been ridden too close to him. Voices were raised, fists were out and tempers rising. Everyone gathered around one jockey and official, while the bookmakers were trying to insist that the race should be re-run.
[10] Yaqoob and Iqbal were nervous of hanging around a volatile situation. They agreed to find out for me what was happening, ordering me to stay inside the car as they were swallowed up by the crowd. They emerged some time later. 'It's still not resolved,' said Iqbal, 'but it's starting to get nasty. I think we should leave.' As we drove away, Yaqoob reflected on his driving skills. 'I really enjoyed that,' he said as we drove off at a more sedate pace. 'But I don't even have my licence yet because I'm underage!'
[11] They both found this hilarious, but I was glad he hadn't told me before; an inexperienced, underage driver causing a massive pile-up in the middle of the high-stakes donkey race could have caused problems.

Overall PAVLS Analysis

Click each element below to explore how Levine uses these techniques throughout the passage

P
Purpose
A
Audience
V
Voice
L
Language
S
Structure

Purpose - Why Levine Wrote This

Levine's purposes evolve through the passage:

To document unusual sports:
"researching and filming unusual sports" - Shows professional purpose
To entertain with chaos:
"Formula One without rules" - Makes mundane race exciting
To reveal cultural differences:
"high-stakes donkey race" - Shows gambling culture

Audience - Who She's Writing For

Levine addresses multiple audiences:

Western readers seeking adventure:
References to "Wacky Races" and "Formula One" - Familiar comparisons
Travel enthusiasts:
Exotic location details - Karachi, Pakistan setting
Humour seekers:
"like maracas" explanation - Makes foreign familiar and funny

Voice - How Her Tone Changes

Notice Levine's evolving voice:

Enthusiastic participant:
"But will you try and get to the front?" - Eager for action
Self-deprecating humour:
"feeling rather silly" - Laughs at herself waiting
Exhilarated observer:
"Yaqoob loved it" - Shares in the excitement
Relieved survivor:
"glad he hadn't told me before" - Retrospective fear

Language - Technical Choices

Levine's language creates vivid effects:

Racing metaphors:
"Formula One without rules", "neck-and-neck" - Makes chaos comprehensible
Sensory overload:
"horns tooting, bells ringing" - Cacophony of sound
Action verbs:
"revved", "swerved", "jostled", "dive" - Creates kinetic energy
Hyperbole:
"waited for eternity", "massive pile-up" - Exaggerates for effect

Structure - How It's Organised

The passage's structure builds excitement:

Slow build-up:
"waited for eternity" - Creates anticipation through delay
Explosive middle:
"two races" - Peak chaos with parallel action
Abrupt ending:
"The race was over" - Short sentence for sudden stop
Comic revelation:
"don't even have my licence" - Saves best surprise for last